Western ~Wood-Pewee at RRBO?

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Length of unflattened wing; in addition to individual variation, in pewees females tend to have shorter wings than males, making this standard measurement a minor character for species identification.

Measured by inserting a rule between the center rectrices (tail feathers) until it meets resistance where the feathers attach to the body.

Distance from the tips of the longest uppertail coverts to the tips of the longest rectrices (tail feathers).

Distance on the folded wing from the tips of the longest secondaries to the tips of the longest primaries.

[[Tail Clear]] minus [[Wing Tip]], expressed in millimeters.

[[Tail Clear]] divided by [[Tail Length]] expressed as a percent.

This application has both external links, which will open in a new window, and microcontent links, which will open the content in the top of the center column of this page. \n\nYou can close these chunks of microcontent by hovering your mouse near the heading; you can click on the popup word "close."\n\nYou can close all the topics in the center column by clicking on "close all" on the top right.\n\nYou can navigate by clicking on the main topic contents in the top left column, or in the microcontent list on the right.\n\nThere are also tags at the end of each microcontent chunk. Clicking on a tag name will bring up all the chunks with the same tag.\n\nYou can learn more by visiting the [[TiddlyWiki Tutorial|http://www.blogjones.com/TiddlyWikiTutorial.html]].\n\n

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Western ~Wood-Pewee at RRBO?

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Interesting bird banded 30 Aug 2005 at the Rouge River Bird Observatory, ~UM-Dearborn

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Distinguishing between Western ~Wood-Pewee (//Contopus sordidulus//) and Eastern ~Wood-Pewee (//Contopus virens//) typically requires hearing the birds sing, or a careful series of measurements in the hand. \n\nOn [[14 September 1999|http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/rouge_river/sep99.html]], RRBO banded an adult female pewee which had an appearance and measurements highly suggestive of Western ~Wood-Pewee. An important measurement was not obtained, and other measurements, while closer to Western ~Wood-Pewee (WEWP) than Eastern ~Wood-Pewee (WEWP), were not completely conclusive. \n\nOne characteristic that triggered the questioning of this bird’s identity was the extent of dark coloration on the underside of the bill. In adult pewees, this extent rarely reaches beyond 3.5 mm in EAWP, and is nearly always more extensive than 3.5 mm in WEWP. In young birds, there is more variation and some EAWP have more extensive dark coloration. The 1999 pewee had a virtually completely [[dark under-bill]]. \n\nOn 30 August 2005, RRBO banded another pewee that had a dark underbill. As shown in the photo, the conservative extent of the dark color was 7.6 mm. However, [[skull ossification]] indicated the bird was a hatching-year. This meant that the dark underside of the bill was not as suggestive as it would be on an adult, and any plumage characteristics would not be helpful. Still, it prompted further investigation. \n\n[img[pewee bill|peweebill.jpg]]\n\n----

Bird’s have generally hollow bones, which saves weight for enabling flight. A bird’s skull has two layers. In the first months of life, support struts develop between the two layers, strengthening the soft skull of the baby bird. By wetting the feathers on the head and looking at the top of the skull in strong light with magnification, the extent of this “ossification” is visible to a trained observer.

For [[Tail Clear]] and [[Wing Tip]], I measured once with the bird in one hand and calipers in the other. Then I made repeated measurements by gently holding the bird (without bending or flattening the tail or wing) over a piece of paper and making two marks on the paper, which were later measured with calipers. The paper method allowed surer measurements, as well as a way to "save" them for future reference.

This is an unpublished key developed by biologist John Hubbard as a refinement of Peter Pyle's "A further examination of wing tail formulae in Empidonax and Contopus flycatcher," pages 147-154 in R. W. Dickerman, compiler, //The Era of Allan Phillips: A Festhrift.// (1997, R. W. Dickerman, Albuquerque, NM).

In addition to calculating the ratio of [[TC/TL]] and [[TC-WT]] for the measurements I took, I also calculated them for an array of all possible combinations of these measurements PLUS hypothetical combinations which included Tail Clear one and two mm above the highest value measured, Tail Clear one and two mm below the highest value measured, Wing Tip one and two mm above the highest value measured, and Wing Tip one and two mm below the highest value measured (n=66).

Measurements and bill color indicate that the bird banded at RRBO on 30 August 2005 was a Western ~Wood-Pewee. (Although evidence was quite compelling for the bird banded in 1999, without comparable measurements we can only focus on the 2005 bird.)\n\nSeveral scenarios are possible. First, these measurements can accurately identify study skins, but are not as good with live birds. Second, these measurements did not use a large enough sample size and may not even truly identify study skins. Third, these measurements are correct and this bird was a WEWP.\n\nPerhaps WEWP are more common in the east than reported, since they are not frequently banded by most banding stations, and it is unlikely most banders take the time to go through all these measurements. Therefore, some ~WEWPs may go undetected.\n\n

!Links\n*[[RRBO home|http://www.rrbo.org]]\n*[[RRBO latest sightings|http://www.rrbo.org/rr-latest.html]]\n*Plain vanilla [[HTML version of this page|http://www.rrbo.org/pewee05.html]]

This page describes in detail steps that were taken to identify a flycatcher banded by the Rouge River Bird Observatory at the University of ~Michigan-Dearborn. To provide all this information without excessive text or multiple windows, I have decided to present it using an application called [[TiddlyWiki|http://www.tiddlywiki.com]]. This may look a little strange, but I hope the use of linked microcontent will make this information-dense page more digestible.\n\nThis application works best in Firefox, okay in Internet Explorer, and may not work at all in Netscape or on Mac operating systems.\n\nOne thing you'll notice is that clicking on bold-text links will open them up right here in the middle column. If things get cluttered, you can close each section by hovering your mouse over its box, and clicking on "close" the the top right corner of its box. A "close all" link is found both in the upper right corner of the page, and in the Tools menu on the left. Any changes made to the page only effect your own viewing session.\n\nFor more guidance, read [[Using This Site]], or visit the [[TiddlyWiki Tutorial|http://www.blogjones.com/TiddlyWikiTutorial.html]].\n\nIf this is too much, you can view the [[plain vanilla version of this page|http://www.rrbo.org/pewee05.html]]. \n----

http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/rouge_river/wewp05.html

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This is highly suggestive of WEWP in adult birds, but the fact that the bird was conclusively an adult was disregarded by the [[Michigan Bird Records Committee|http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/rouge_river/MBRChome.html]], which [[rejected|http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/rouge_river/AnnualReport.html#2000%20Report]] the documentation on this record. They decided that the bird was a young bird based on photographs of plumage, a highly variable characteristic. While determining age of pewees from subtle plumage characteristics is very subjective, the use of [[skull ossification]] to determine age is nearly foolproof for experienced bird banders. This bird’s skull was completely ossified, leaving no doubt it was an adult at this date. Flycatchers, in particular, often do not obtain full skull ossification until the spring following hatching. \n\n[img[pewee bill|99peweebill.jpg]]\nPoor quality scan of 1999 pewee underbill.\n\nPerhaps because the members of the records committee are birders and not professional ornithologists led them to use plumage and disregard skull ossificiation as a means to determine the age of this bird.

[[John Hubbard]], in a letter to RRBO in 1999, noted the following percentages in EAWP specimens (n=50):\nAll pale 32%\nJust a dark tip 56%\nVariably dark (partial to nearly complete) 12%\n\nI examined fall EAWP specimens at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (n=24). I observed:\nDark >3.5 mm 20.8% (5)\nExtensively dark, as dark as the 1999 and 2005 pewees, or >7.0 mm 4.2% (1)\n\n

For pewees that are unsexed, the following combination of measurements identified 100% of study skins correctly (n=130) based on a key developed by [[John Hubbard]]:\n \n!!![[TC/TL]] together with either [[TC-WT]] ''and/or ''[[Tail Clear]]\n\n!''TC/TL''\n~UM-D bird = Mean value is 47.2% for both sets of measurements (range 47.2 to 48.8 for actual measurements, 43.2 to 51.2 in [[error array]])\nEAWP should be >52.8%\nWEWP should be <48.4%\n\n//Conclusion:// WEWP. Mean value, 5 out of 6 values for actual measurements, and 44 of 66 in the [[error array]] are within the WEWP range. None of the values from actual measurements or the [[error array]] fit EAWP. \n\n!''~TC-WT''\n~UM-D bird = Mean value is 8.3 for actual measurements (range 4 to 11) and 7.0 for [[error array]] (range -0.5 to 14.5)\nEAWP should be >11.5\nWEWP should be < 6.0\n\n//Conclusion:// Inconclusive, suggestive of WEWP. Mean value of actual measurements closer to WEWP, and 5 of the 6 values fall between the two species. Mean value from [[error array]] also closer to WEWP, with 26 of the 66 values within WEWP, 10 within EAWP, and the rest in between. However, this result is half of an and/or statement. See next item.\n\n!''TC''\n~UM-D bird = mean value 29.5 for actual measurements (range 29 to 30.5) and for [[error array]] (range 27 to 32)\nEAWP should be >34.0\nWEWP should be <30.0\n\n//Conclusion:// WEWP. Both mean values are within WEWP. 5 of 6 actual values are within WEWP. 44 of 66 values in the [[error array]] are within WEWP. None of the actual values or those in the [[error array]] are within EAWP. \n\n!!The bottom line: Two out of three required major characteristics, which have been used to identify 100% of pewee study skins, conclude this bird was a WEWP. \n

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// //''Name:'' WebView\n// //''Version:'' <<getversion webview>> (<<getversiondate webview "DD MMM YYYY">>)\n// //''Author:'' AlanHecht\n// //''Type:'' SystemConfig\n\n// //''Description:'' WebView lets you customize how your ~TiddlyWiki file will appear when viewed as a website (i.e. when accessed via an "http:..." URL). This lets you use ~TiddlyWiki as a website without it being obvious or confusing to your web visitors. You can selectively set which toolbar buttons appear to visitors as well hide/show the tiddler tag footers, sidebar commands, options, advanced options, and even the sidebar tabs. You can even disable the "double-click to edit" feature.\n// //@@''To illustrate, I've put an example of a ~WebView configuration [[here|http://snipurl.com/qwikiweb/webviewsample.htm]]. Note: don't use the code from this example as the WebView version is old.''@@\n\n// //''Directions:'' <<tiddler StartupBehaviorDirections>> \n// //Then, in the code section below, change the lines in the WebView settings section to enable or disable that particular feature. If you wish to use an alternate version of the sidebar commands, options, advanced options, or the sidebar tabs, you'll need to edit the alternate versions that appear below. The default versions for these has been included for convenience. Leave them as is if you do not want them to be changed for web viewing.\n\n// //''Revision History:''\n// // v0.1.0 (09 August 2005): preview release (to ~TiddlyWikiDev community)\n// // v0.1.1 (10 August 2005): initial release (includes a slight change from the "preview" version)\n// // v0.1.2 (10 August 2005): added a contentWrapper class name ("webView") to allow custom CSS for the web-based ~TiddlyWiki (see notes for more information). Thanks to Clint Checketts for this addition.\n// // v0.1.3 (3 September 2005): retooled the shadow tiddlers for SideBarTabs and MoreTab to reflect the changes made in TiddlyWiki version 1.2.32. Also added macro code that lets you preview the WebView look before you upload to your server. Simply add the {{{<< testWebView >>}}} macro into your AdvancedOptions tiddler or other location to create a button for the preview.\n\n// //''Notes:'' ~WebView 0.1.2 added a class name for the web-served ~TiddlyWiki contentWrapper. This means that you can have sections in your stylesheet tiddler that get applied only when the wiki is viewed from the web. For instance, you can enlarge the toolbar font with the following CSS in the stylesheet tiddler: {{{.webView #displayArea .toolbar {font-size: 2em;} }}}\n\n// //''Code section:''\n// //Webview settings (edit the following with true (enable) or false (disable) according to how the page should look from the web)\nvar wvShowNewTiddler = false; // //''affects all "new tidder" macro links''\nvar wvShowNewJournal = false; // //''affects all "new journal" macro links''\nvar wvDblClickToEdit = false; // //''enables/disables the "double-click to edit a tiddler" feature''\nvar wvShowClose = true; // //''show/hide toolbar close buttons''\nvar wvShowEdit = false; // //''show/hide toolbar edit buttons''\nvar wvShowPermalink = false; // //''show/hide toolbar permalink buttons''\nvar wvShowReferences = false; // //''show/hide toolbar references buttons''\nvar wvShowTags = true; // //''show/hide tiddler tag footers''\nvar wvShowTabs = true; // //''show/hide sidebar tabs entirely (you can also customize them below)''\n\n// //Alternate versions of SideBar, Options, AdvancedOptions, SideBarTabs, and MoreTab\nconfig.shadowTiddlers.wvSideBarOptions = "<<search>><<closeAll>> <<permaview>> ";\n\nconfig.shadowTiddlers.wvOptionsPanel = "These InterfaceOptions for customising TiddlyWiki are saved in your browser\sn\snYour username for signing your edits. Write it as a WikiWord (eg JoeBloggs)\sn\sn<<option txtUserName>>\sn<<option chkSaveBackups>> SaveBackups\sn<<option chkAutoSave>> AutoSave\sn<<option chkGenerateAnRssFeed>> GenerateAnRssFeed\sn<<option chkRegExpSearch>> RegExpSearch\sn<<option chkCaseSensitiveSearch>> CaseSensitiveSearch\sn<<option chkAnimate>> EnableAnimations\sn\snSee AdvancedOptions";\n\nconfig.shadowTiddlers.wvAdvancedOptions = "<<option chkOpenInNewWindow>> OpenLinksInNewWindow\sn<<option chkSaveEmptyTemplate>> SaveEmptyTemplate\sn<<option chkToggleLinks>> Clicking on links to tiddlers that are already open causes them to close\sn^^(override with Control or other modifier key)^^";\n\nconfig.shadowTiddlers.wvSideBarTabs = "<<tabs txtMainTab All 'All tiddlers' TabAll Tags 'All tags'>>";\n\n\n\n\n// //''Actual code section (no need to edit below this line for most users)''\n// //------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nversion.extensions.webview = {major: 0, minor: 1, revision: 3, date: new Date("Sep 3, 2005")};\n// Identify special tiddlers to intercept\nvar wvShadowTiddlers = ["SideBarOptions","OptionsPanel","AdvancedOptions","SideBarTabs","TabMore"];\n\n// Determine if the page is being loaded locally or from the web\nvar docPath = document.location.toString().substring(0,document.location.toString().indexOf(":"));\nif(docPath == "file")\n var inWebView = false;\nelse\n {\n var inWebView = true;\n document.getElementById('contentWrapper').className += " webView";\n }\n\n// Hijack the newTiddler function\nconfig.macros.newTiddler.handler_orig_webView = config.macros.newTiddler.handler;\nconfig.macros.newTiddler.handler = function(place,macroName,params)\n{\n if (!inWebView || wvShowNewTiddler)\n config.macros.newTiddler.handler_orig_webView(place,macroName,params);\n}\n\n// Hijack the newJournal function\nconfig.macros.newJournal.handler_orig_webView = config.macros.newJournal.handler;\nconfig.macros.newJournal.handler = function(place,macroName,params)\n{\n if (!inWebView || wvShowNewJournal)\n config.macros.newJournal.handler_orig_webView(place,macroName,params);\n}\n\n// Replace "double-click to edit" function\nwindow.onDblClickTiddler_orig_webView = window.onDblClickTiddler;\nwindow.onDblClickTiddler = function(e) {\nif(!inWebView || wvDblClickToEdit)\n {\n clearMessage();\n if(document.selection)\n document.selection.empty();\n var tiddler;\n if(this.id.substr(0,7) == "tiddler")\n tiddler = this.id.substr(7);\n if(tiddler)\n displayTiddler(null,tiddler,2,null,null,false,false);\n }\n}\n\n// Hijack the createTiddlerToolbar function\nwindow.createTiddlerToolbar_orig_webView = window.createTiddlerToolbar;\nwindow.createTiddlerToolbar = function(title,isEditor)\n{\n var theToolbar = document.getElementById("toolbar" + title);\n var lingo = config.views;\n if(theToolbar)\n {\n removeChildren(theToolbar);\n insertSpacer(theToolbar);\n if(isEditor)\n {\n // Editor toolbar\n lingo = lingo.editor;\n createTiddlyButton(theToolbar,lingo.toolbarDone.text,lingo.toolbarDone.tooltip,onClickToolbarSave);\n insertSpacer(theToolbar);\n createTiddlyButton(theToolbar,lingo.toolbarCancel.text,lingo.toolbarCancel.tooltip,onClickToolbarUndo);\n insertSpacer(theToolbar);\n createTiddlyButton(theToolbar,lingo.toolbarDelete.text,lingo.toolbarDelete.tooltip,onClickToolbarDelete);\n }\n else\n {\n // Viewer toolbar\n lingo = lingo.wikified;\n if(!inWebView || wvShowClose)\n {\n createTiddlyButton(theToolbar,lingo.toolbarClose.text,lingo.toolbarClose.tooltip,onClickToolbarClose);\n insertSpacer(theToolbar);\n }\n if(!inWebView || wvShowEdit)\n {\n createTiddlyButton(theToolbar,lingo.toolbarEdit.text,lingo.toolbarEdit.tooltip,onClickToolbarEdit);\n insertSpacer(theToolbar);\n }\n if(!inWebView || wvShowPermalink)\n {\n createTiddlyButton(theToolbar,lingo.toolbarPermalink.text,lingo.toolbarPermalink.tooltip,onClickToolbarPermaLink);\n insertSpacer(theToolbar);\n }\n if(!inWebView || wvShowReferences)\n {\n createTiddlyButton(theToolbar,lingo.toolbarReferences.text,lingo.toolbarReferences.tooltip,onClickToolbarReferences);\n }\n }\n insertSpacer(theToolbar);\n }\n}\n\n// Hijack the createTiddlerFooter function\nwindow.createTiddlerFooter_orig_webView = window.createTiddlerFooter;\nwindow.createTiddlerFooter = function(title,isEditor)\n{\n if(!inWebView || wvShowTags)\n createTiddlerFooter_orig_webView(title,isEditor);\n}\n\n// sideBar, options, and tab settings code\n// Hijack the getTiddlerText prototype function\nTiddlyWiki.prototype.getTiddlerText_orig_webView = TiddlyWiki.prototype.getTiddlerText;\nTiddlyWiki.prototype.getTiddlerText = function(title,defaultText)\n{\n if(inWebView && (wvShadowTiddlers.join("~").match(title) == title))\n {\n defaultText = store.getTiddlerText_orig_webView(title,defaultText);\n var tiddlerText = store.getTiddlerText_orig_webView("wv"+title,defaultText);\n }\n else\n var tiddlerText = store.getTiddlerText_orig_webView(title,defaultText);\n return tiddlerText;\n}\n// Reset the getTiddlerText function for the current store\nstore.getTiddlerText = TiddlyWiki.prototype.getTiddlerText;\n// SideBarTabs show/hide code\n// Remove the old refreshTabs function from notifyTiddlers & store notifications\nfor(t=0; t<config.notifyTiddlers.length; t++)\n if(config.notifyTiddlers[t] == window.refreshTabs)\n config.notifyTiddlers.splice(t,1);\n// Hijack the refreshTabs function\nwindow.refreshTabs_orig_webView = window.refreshTabs;\nwindow.refreshTabs = function(hint)\n{\n if(!inWebView || wvShowTabs)\n refreshTabs_orig_webView(hint);\n else\n document.getElementById("sidebarTabs").style.display = "none";\n}\n// Add our new refreshTabs function to the notifyTiddlers list & store notifications\nconfig.notifyTiddlers.push(refreshTabs());\nstore.addNotification(null,refreshTabs);\n\n// WebView Preview code...\nfunction toggleWebView()\n{\n var forceWebView = confirm("Do you want to preview this TiddlyWiki using WebView? This preview can be cancelled by refreshing the page in your browser. Be sure to save changes before previewing WebView settings.");\n if(forceWebView)\n inWebView=true;\n else\n inWebView=false;\n refreshMenu();\n refreshStory();\n refreshTabs();\n refreshSidebar("SideBarOptions");\n}\n\nconfig.macros.testWebView = {}\nconfig.macros.testWebView.handler = function(place,macroName,params)\n{\n createTiddlyButton(place,"Test WebView","Manually turn WebView on ",toggleWebView);\n}\n\n

//Measurements taken on 2005 pewee//\n\nThe two species differ in tail length and wing proportions. There are four measurements needed to help distinguish between EAWP and WEWP. They are:\n\n[[Wing Chord]]\n[[Tail Length]]\n[[Tail Clear]]\n[[Wing Tip]]\n\nAll measurements were taken multiple times to the nearest half-millimeter with standard wing rules and a dial caliper. [[Wing Chord]] and [[Tail Length]] are straightforward, standard measurements. The [[Tail Clear]] and [[Wing Tip]] measurements require an unreasonably steady hand. Read [[How I Made Measurements]].\n\n//Calculations//\n\nTwo numbers are derived from these measurements are calculated. They are the ratio [[TC/TL]] and the difference between the tail clear and wing tip measurement ([[TC-WT]]). I derived the mean values for actual measurements taken, and calculated an [[error array]] to account for possible inaccurate measurements.\n----

Four things are considered minor characteristics in aiding with the identity of pewees.\n\n!Bill color\nAs mentioned in [[Background]], the extent of the dark coloration on the underside of the bill tends to be <3.5 mm in EAWP. In WEWP, it tends to be >3.5 mm. It was 7.6 mm in the ~UM-D bird. \n\nThis characteristic is not as helpful in hatching-year birds such as the ~UM-D bird. But bills this dark in EAWP are still rare. You can read some results of an examination of [[bill color in study skins]].\n\n!''Wing Tip''\nA [[Wing Tip]] measurement of >28.5 mm would indicate WEWP, while <18.5 mm would indicate EAWP. The mean value of actual measurements of the ~UM-D bird was 21.2, with a range of 19.5 to 25.5. The mean value of the [[error array]] was 22.5, with a range of 17.5 to 27.5. These values are closer to EAWP.\n\n!''Wing Chord''\nWEWP have longer wings than EAWP, but it varies by individual and sex. [[Wing Chord]] of the ~UM-D bird were 81.5 mm. If it were >88 mm, it would indicate WEWP, if it was <76 mm it would indicate EAWP. But because of the variation and the unknown gender of the ~UM-D bird, this character is not very helpful. \n\nTherefore, bill color and tail length lean towards WEWP, wing tip towards EAWP, and wing chord is unhelpful, especially not knowing the sex of the bird.\n\n----