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Length of unflattened wing; in addition to individual variation, in pewees females tend to have shorter wings than males, making this standard measurement a minor character for species identification.

Measured by inserting a rule between the center rectrices (tail feathers) until it meets resistance where the feathers attach to the body.

Distance from the tips of the longest uppertail coverts to the tips of the longest rectrices (tail feathers).

Distance on the folded wing from the tips of the longest secondaries to the tips of the longest primaries.

[[Tail Clear]] minus [[Wing Tip]], expressed in millimeters.

[[Tail Clear]] divided by [[Tail Length]] expressed as a percent.

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Macros are one of the most powerful new features Jeremy Ruston has added to TiddlyWiki. With it, you can add new features to TiddlyWiki without hacking into the source code. Several macros are preinstalled with TiddlyWiki by default, and many others are available on other wikis, like [[MonkeyPirateTiddlyWiki|http://homes.jcu.edu.au/~ccscb/mptw/]] and [[TiddlerWiki|http://checketts.objectis.net/wiki/]]. \n\nThe following is a list of the macros that come preinstalled with TiddlyWiki.\n\n*[[today]]\n*[[tag]]\n*[[newJournal]]\n*[[newTiddler]]\n*[[tiddler]]\n*[[slider]]\n*[[version]]\n*[[list]]\n*[[tabs]]\n*[[Sparklines]]\n\n*[[CustomMacros]]

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Western ~Wood-Pewee at RRBO?

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Interesting bird banded 30 Aug 2005 at the Rouge River Bird Observatory, ~UM-Dearborn

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Distinguishing between Western ~Wood-Pewee (//Contopus sordidulus//) and Eastern ~Wood-Pewee (//Contopus virens//) typically requires hearing the birds sing, or a careful series of measurements in the hand. \n\nOn [[14 September 1999|http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/rouge_river/sep99.html]], RRBO banded an adult female pewee which had an appearance and measurements highly suggestive of Western ~Wood-Pewee. An important measurement was not obtained, and other measurements, while closer to Western ~Wood-Pewee (WEWP) than Eastern ~Wood-Pewee (WEWP), were not completely conclusive. \n\nOne characteristic that triggered the questioning of this bird’s identity was the extent of dark coloration on the underside of the bill. In adult pewees, this extent rarely reaches beyond 3.5 mm in EAWP, and is nearly always more extensive than 3.5 mm in WEWP. In young birds, there is more variation and some EAWP have more extensive dark coloration. The 1999 pewee had a virtually completely [[dark under-bill]]. \n\nOn 30 August 2005, RRBO banded another pewee that had a dark underbill. As shown in the photo, the conservative extent of the dark color was 7.6 mm. However, [[skull ossification]] indicated the bird was a hatching-year. This meant that the dark underside of the bill was not as suggestive as it would be on an adult, and any plumage characteristics would not be helpful. Still, it prompted further investigation. \n\n[img[pewee bill|peweebill.jpg]]\n\n----

Bird’s have generally hollow bones, which saves weight for enabling flight. A bird’s skull has two layers. In the first months of life, support struts develop between the two layers, strengthening the soft skull of the baby bird. By wetting the feathers on the head and looking at the top of the skull in strong light with magnification, the extent of this “ossification” is visible to a trained observer.

For [[Tail Clear]] and [[Wing Tip]], I measured once with the bird in one hand and calipers in the other. Then I made repeated measurements by gently holding the bird (without bending or flattening the tail or wing) over a piece of paper and making two marks on the paper, which were later measured with calipers. The paper method allowed surer measurements, as well as a way to "save" them for future reference.

This is an unpublished key developed by biologist John Hubbard as a refinement of Peter Pyle's "A further examination of wing tail formulae in Empidonax and Contopus flycatcher," pages 147-154 in R. W. Dickerman, compiler, //The Era of Allan Phillips: A Festhrift.// (1997, R. W. Dickerman, Albuquerque, NM).

In addition to calculating the ratio of [[TC/TL]] and [[TC-WT]] for the measurements I took, I also calculated them for an array of all possible combinations of these measurements PLUS hypothetical combinations which included Tail Clear one and two mm above the highest value measured, Tail Clear one and two mm below the highest value measured, Wing Tip one and two mm above the highest value measured, and Wing Tip one and two mm below the highest value measured (n=66).

Measurements and bill color indicate that the bird banded at RRBO on 30 August 2005 was a Western ~Wood-Pewee. (Although evidence was quite compelling for the bird banded in 1999, without compara